Numismatics International Bulletin, Vol. 21, No.7

23

years

of service to numismatics

NI

BULLETIN

[NUMISMATICS INTERNATIONAL

POUND I 0 1**4

Volume 2 1 Number 7 ISSN: 0197-3088 Price .... Two Dollars

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FEATURES

An Introduction to Byzantine Coinage, No. 26,

by I. C. G. Campbell 163

Chinese Cloth Currency, by R. J. Hebert 165

The Coins of Salta, Argentina, by J. Alma Ott 168

"LEO VI The Wise - He Published 'The Basilica"',

by Leo Grossman 160

Ottoman Coins Inscribed With a Religious Title,
by Kenneth M. MaoXenzie 157

DEPARTMENTS

Book Reviews 171

Contents of the NI Reference Collection ' 170

From the Mailbox 155

IDENTIFICATION, Please? 162

INFORMATION, Please 162

Member Notice Page 176

INSIDE N. I .

Donations Report 155

Librarian's Report 155

Membership Chairman's Report 155

OTHER ITEMS

The Argentine Republic 1975 One Peso Pattern, by J. Alma Ott - 159

Bal ista 175

"Bigati" and "Quadrigati" Coinage 176

Congiaria 167

Denarius Symbolizes Filial Piety 176

Diety Coins of Augustus Struck by Rome Mint 167

"Exagium Sol idi " 162

Copyrighted by Numismatics International, P.O. Box 670013, Dallas, Texas USA 75367-0013

JULY 1987

BOARD OF GOVERNORS

WM. B. THOMPSON
Chairman & Past President

C.C. ANDREWS ROBERT W. RICHTER

President Vice-President

214-357-1379

ROSS SCHRAEDER
Secretary

DON C. DOUGLAS
At- Large- Director

CHARLES MUCHMORE
Treasurer

LEE GROSSMAN
At- Large-Director

WILLIAM E. BENSON
MARVIN L. FRALEY
JACK E. LEWIS
JOHN E. VANDIGRIFF

KARY T. EDWARDS
PHILIP L. LAWRENCE
ELMORE B. SCOTT
CARL YOUNG

Past-Presidents

APPOINTED STAFF

Curator, Nl REFERENCE COLLECTION
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over) - $10.00 Annually.

154

INSIDE N.l.

M EMB_E H IP _ CH A I RM AN ' S_ RE!PQRT

No Applications for Membership were received since the last report.
Any members needing materials for recruitinn are uroed to write to
the Membership Chairman requesting same.

LIFE! MEMBERSHIPS

Life Memberships are available to members of three years' standing
upon application to the Board of Governors and the payment of the
$200.00 fee. Conditional Life Membership is available upon payment
of $60.00 down and four quarterly payments of $35.00.

*****

DONATIONS RE!P0RT

The following donations have been received since the last report.

Name

Donation

Preference of Use

CANNIT0, R. A
HEiBEERT , R. J.
LEWIS , J. E .
MAIE!R , Mike

129 Coins ($1917.00)
250 Coins (NVS)

742 Coins ($3944.00)
33 Coins ($22.20)

NI Reference Collection
NI Reference Collection
NI Reference Collection
NI Reference Collection

NVS = No Value Stated by donor

★ ★★★★

LIBRARIAN'S RLPORT

I. Acknowledement is made below to those who have donated material
to the NI Library:

The Author

JF95.BezR;1980:DCP

EZfiRRA, RUBIENS B0RGFS

Dutch Coins in Pernambuco
Pub. 1980, 1 36pp , w/plates,

Thomas Hi gel

BD70.BooH:1986 :CKZ
BOOK, HE!LEN

Coins of Kilwa and Zanzibar in Medieval East Africa

Pub. 1986, 24pp , illus.

Dr. Michael Robinson

155

J 1 6 7 . Ne u J ;R987 : ICCT
NEUMANN, JOSEF

Italian copper coins and tokens

Extracted and re-printed in 1987 by Dr. Robinson from Josef Neu-
mann's work Beschreihung der Bekanntesten kupfermunzen . ca360pp,
w/plates .

Ingrid K. Smith

WD50 . FraM : 1987 : CCC

FRAGINALS, MANUEL MORENO/LEDESMA, JOSE A. PULIDO
Cuba , a country and its currency
Pub. 1987, 221 pp , i 11 us .

A. G. van der Dussen

JF90.DupC:R986 :MMJM
DUPREIZ , CHARLES

Monnaies, medailles, jetons et mereaux - Liege.

A 1986 reprint of catalog No. 101 of 1910 devoted to coins of
Liege. 20pp, w/plates.

JF90.MigA:1986:MPL
MIGNOLET, ANDRE

Les monnaies de la principaute de Liege. Description com-
mentee des monnaies gravees dans l 'ouvrage du baron de
Chestret de Haneffe.

An updated re-print of baron de Chestret de Haneffe 's original
1887 presentation to the Royal Academy of Belgium. 130pp, w/plates.

II. In addition to the above donations we would like to thank Thomas
A. Schillinger for the donation of additional numismatic material to
the NI Library.

Granvyl G. Hulse, Jr.

NI Book Librarian

*★***★★★***★★* *★****★★**★**★ ********************** **■*•*★*★**■****■* **★*■*•*
FROM THE MAILBOX

(Ed. The following letter was written to NI member John L, Pieratt
by Diane Wolf of The Commission of Fine Arts giving information on
the Vietnam National Medal.)

Dear Mr. Pieratt:

In regard to your inquiry about the Vietnam National Medal, the obverse
was designed by Corporal Terrill K, Tritch of the U.S, Army and the
reverse by James Peed, a U. S. Mint employee, The medal is available
in bronze in two sizes. The 3" medal sells for $16; the 1 1/2" for
$2.25. (These are mail order prices.) You purchase the afore describ-
ed medals by writing to the following address;

The Vietnam Vets National Medal
The U. S. Mint
P. 0. Box 500

Philadelphia, Pennzylvania 19105
/s/ Diane Wolf

156

OTTOMAN COINS INSCRIBED

WITH A RELIGIOUS TITLE

Kenneth M. Mac Kenzie , Tenafly , NJ.

The principal religious title khadim al^-Haramayn al^Sharifayn (servant
of the noble sanctuaries) was assumed by Sultan Selim I ( Yavuz = "the
Grim") in 1517 (AH 922) after he conquered Egypt and deposed the last
Abbasid Caliph in Cairo. The title was not used by the Abbasids,
but although not standard, was used by many Mamluk Sultans, the first
being Salah al-din & also by a number of other Muslim rulers.

The religious title written out
in precise , flowing Arabic by
Mr. MacKenzie.

Selim received the keys of the two holy cities (Makkah and Medina)
from the sherif of Makkah on July 3rd, 1517, thus giving him control.

He was promptly made the sherif governor of the new provinces of Jeddah
and the Hijaz as well as the cities of Makkah and Medina, thereby es-
tablishing a precedent for his successors.

The chief duty of the servant (Khadim) is the protection of the
two most revered sanctuaries in Islam, the Ka'aba surrounding the
Grand Mosque in Makkah, and the tomb of the prophet in Medina. This
included the maintenance of the fabric of the buildings and to facili-
tate the Hag j - the pilgrimage of the faithful to the shrines. The
Ottoman sultans faithfully carried out these duties with few inter-
ruptions until the last sultan, Mehmed VI, was deposed in November of
1922, Subsequently the rulers of Saudi Arabia inherited the office.

We do not have coins inscribed with this religious title until the
Sultan Suleyman I ( Kanuni - "the 1 awgi ver" ), known in the west as
The Magnificent, was enthroned upon the death of his father Selim I
by cancer in September 1520. Suleyman ruled for 46 years during
which time he doubled his vast territories, while accompanying his
army on thirteen campaigns.

During his second expedition, June 1522/AH 928 - January 1523/AH 929,
he took the island of Rhodes, which had been an outpost of Christian-
ity, where pirates harboured and raided the Ottoman controlled seas.
They captured ships which brought grain and gold from the new Arab
provinces and carried pilgrims to and from the holy cities of Makkah
and Medina. After his return to Constantinople a large silver coin
was struck called gumus sultaniye (silver sultanti, after the pop-
ular gold coin in use); it was sometimes referred to as Muhammad Khani
and was of 10 akce value, dated 930 with the legend on the obverse:

157

Khadim al-Havamayn al-Shavifayn Sultan al bavvayn wa'l-bahvayn. C1J Sim-
ilar 10 ak re coins were struck in Constantinople C2J and Novar C3H by
Sultan Mehmed II (1470/AH875) and by his son Sultan Bayezid II (1481/

AH 886) in Constantinople cU:, but their legends did not include the
religious title.

On his sixth expedition, Suleyman marched against the Persian shah
(1534/AH 941 and conquered 'Irak, taking Baghdad where he stayed for
some months and visited the nearby cities of a 1 -Hi 11a and Karbala where
shrines revered bv the Sunnis and Shi ' as were located. Coins were then
struck in Baghdad and al-Hilla. The altunl 53 gold coin had the obverse
legend : Su l tan al-barrayn wa’l bahrayn abu'l muzaffav Suley-
man Shah bin Salim Shah khadim al-Havamayn al-Shavifayn.

On the reverse: Khallada Allah ta’ola malkuh was sultaniih
wa-afada 'ala al-’alamin buvvuh wa-ihsanuh. The silver
dirhem c6: was similar except "abu'l muzaffav" was omitted on the
obverse, and the reverse slightly changed with "ta'ola" omitted. The
Safavids under Tahmasp I once had possession of the mint which may
explain the use of certain words in the legends which were not in use
on Ottoman coins.

At al-Hilla the divhem C T □ and altun C8: were struck with the
legend on the reverse - _Sultan al-bavvayn wa'l bahvayn khadim
al-Havamayn al-Shavifayn : and on the obverse : Al-Sultan _al-
'adil al kamil abu'l muzaffav Suleyman Shah bin Salim Khan.
The names of the rulers and the mint being contained in cartouches
after the style of the Safavid coins.

Under the Ottoman Sultan Murad III another invasion of Persia was
launched after the death of the old Shah Tamasp in 1578. To pay for
the costs of this expedition the silver mines in Janja in the province
of Trabzon produced divhems\L91 acceptable in the East. On these
silver coins the legends were typically Ottoman but with a shortened
version of the religious title on the reverse: Sultan al-bavvayn
wa Khaqan al-bahvayn khadim al-Havamayn wa-sultan. Murad's
accession date of 982 appeared only on these coins.

In so far as the non-Ottoman coins are concerned, gold coins bearing
the religious title were struck by Suleyman cio:, the son of Mirza
Khan (of Badakhshan), who reigned until 1583/AH 983, at which time he
was driven out by his grandson. He retired first to India then t.o
Makkah, where he may have been inspired to adopt the title for his
coins. These were struck after he returned to his own country that same
year, prior to its capture by the Ozbegs in the following year.

Finally in Saudi Arabia a fine gold medal was struck by the King, Fahd
bin Abdul Abdul Aziz who came to the throne in May 1982. It is dated
9 Sa'far 1405 AH (1984) and the religious title as discussed is en-
graved above the head of the king on the obverse.

Incidentally. P. Kilborn, in a dispatch from the New York Times
(February 13th 1987, page All) entitled: "In a land of Palaces
s.ays Late last year King Fahd told his supplicants and all

other Saudis to stop addressing him as 'Your Majesty' and instead say
'Custodian of the Two Holy Places (Mecca and Medina)'. Dutifully the
Saudi Press now so identifies him on all references. If cumbersome
in English, it's easier to say in Arabic ... ."

158

References to the coins mentioned:

1. Artuk (I) Kanuni Sultccn Suleyman Adina Basilan Sikkeler (1972)

No. 15 7.50 or. 24 mm.

2. Pere (N) Osmanlilarda Madeni Paralar (1968). No. 82 8.32 or.

3. " " " No. 83 9.36 or.

4. " " " No. 104 7.75 or.

5. " " No. 160

6. Artuk (I) Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Adina Basilan Sikkeler (1972)

No. 63 4.30 or.

7. Bulletin ('Turkish Numismatic Society )3 #17 (1985)

Coin in Collection of C. Ol^er. (page 8)

8. Ghalip (I) Taqvvm-i Meskukat-i 'OsmUmye (1890) No. 982

9. " " No. 369

10. Edhem (H) Meskukat-i Kadime-i Islamiye Katalotfu, vi.3 (1915)

Nos. 1264/5/6.

11. Lane-Pool e (S) Catalogue of Oriental Coins 3 vol. viii3 (1883)

No. 210 (with word "champion" added).

**************************^***************************** ****** ***-*■*■*■**

THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC 1975 ONE PESO PATTERN

J. Alma Ott, Provo, Utah, NI § 2145

In the years 1974 to 1976 Argentina struck a One Peso coin for circul-
ation with the well-known Argentine sunface below "REPUBLICA ARGENTINA"
on the obverse, and a tassel to the left of the value indication with
the date below on the reverse. It was struck at the Buenos Aires Mint,
is 22.3mm in diameter and weighs 5 grams. It is made of brass and
aluminum and has a reeded edge.

In 1975 the Republic struck a pattern of this coin with the difference
being having tassels on both sides of the value indication and date
on the reverse. The other designs and specifications of this pattern
are the same as the coins struck for general circulation.

Circulation Reverse Obverse Pattern Reverse

The mintage of this pattern is unknown, although it is known to have
been struck in relative abundance as far as some patterns go. I have
seen a few for sale for A 35.00 (Australes) - or about $23.00 U.S.

Note : The enlarged photos are of coins from the author's private
coTTection .

159

"LEO VI The Wise

HF PUB LI SEEL 'THE BASILICA'"

Lee Grossman 3 NLG 3 San Antonio 3 Texas } A II A 1707

Basil (Basilius) was a Macedonian peasant, who worked his way up to
being a groom at the imperial court of Byzantine Emperor Michael III.
It wasn't long before the emperor and Basil became friends. Basil had
Bardas, Michael's Caesar, murdered, and forced Michael to make him co-
emperor. The ambitious Basil eventually killed his mentor on Septem-
ber 23, 867 AD.

Leo's FoVlis from Constantinople Mint

I haven't been able to find any evidence that Michael had a wife (or
mistress) named Eudocia Ingerina nor have I read about Basil's first
wife. History only shows that Eudocia was Basil's second wife.

LEO VI is recorded as being the eldest son of Byzantine Emperor Basil
the First and Eudocia Ingerina. Yet my research points out that their
first-born was Constantine (who died in 877 AD), followed by Leo and
Alexander. Some historians have written that Michael III was the
father of Leo, and that Michael and Eudocia were married prior to her
marriage to Basil. Since I'm unable to substantiate those "facts",

I'm a bit doubtful as to their veracity. Although Leo was co-emperor
from January 6, 870, there was never any closeness between Basil and
Leo.

Basil had become very active in jurisprudence and he set out to com-
pletely revise the law books of Justinian. The revision was never
published by Basil .

Leo VI succeeded to the purple on August 26, 886, when Basil died fol-
lowing a hunting accident. Leo appointed his younger brother, Alexan-
der, co -emperor.

Having the reputation for learning and being a scholar, Leo was called
"The Wise," "Sapiens," and "The Philosopher." He oublished the great
legal works that Basil had started, under the title of "The Basilica."
The monumental publication was written in Greek instead of Latin, and
became the basis of law in Europe for centuries to come.

Leo's reign was not a bed of roses, as he devoted most of his time to
scholastics and paid no attention to foreign affairs. The empire began
a rapid decline. When Symeon became the ruler of the Bulgarians, they
became very agressive, although they and the Byzantines had been on

160

friendly terms for some time. The Saracens picked this time to
move into Cilicia and "the Aegean Sea was full of their fleets". In
902, Sicily fell after the capture of Taormina, Byzantium's last
stronghold on the island, and Leo pledaed an annual tribute to the
Bulaarians to keep peace in the Balkans.

Leo married four times before his fourth wife, Zoe, gave birth to a
male heir to his throne in 905. It made Leo very hapoy and he named
his son Constantine. The son would later become Emperor Constantine
VII. In his Quest for a son (via four marriages), Leo incurred the
wrath of the Church and Patriarch Nicholas Mysticos, and he was banned
from entering the Church of St. Sophia.

Leo VI died on May 11, 912 AD. His heir, Constantine, was a minor of
only seven years of age, so it was necessary to make Alexander, Leo's
co-emperor since 886, the ruler of the empire.

Coinage of Leo VI was struck at the mints of Constantinople and Cherson
(in the Crimea), although David R. Sear says there was also an Uniden-
tified Mint. Three different Gold Solidii; two different Silver Mi 1 i a -
rense, and three different Bronze Folles were issued from the Constan-
tinople mint. The Cherson mint issued four different Bronze coins,
and Sear reports a Bronze Foil is and a bronze Half-Foil is were minted
at an uncertain Provincial mint. According to Seth W. Stevenson, "The
bronze (brass) are rare; the silver still rarer, and the gold most
rare." Most of Leo's coinage is available and affordable.

My coin is a Bronze Foil is in Very Fine condition, and is listed as
SEAR 1729. The obverse has the bust of Leo, facing front, with a
short beard, wearing a crown and chlamys, and holding an akakis in his
left hand. Around the bust is the legend: " + L£0>t bMiutVs ftcon"
("LEO, KING OF THE ROMANS"). The reverse has four lines : L£oh/

b A /$■ | l £/o/V!6oh“("LEC, BY THE GRACE OF GOD, KING OF THE

ROMANS").

GLOSSARY:

CHLAMYS - A short military cloak worn over a cuirass. It was fastened
with a buckle on the right shoulder, leaving arm movements free.
AKAKIS - A stiff roll of parchment covered with cloth and containing
dust to symbolize mortality. The roll signifies the emperor's final
word of authority.

A representation of the Virgin Mary was introduced for the first time
on Byzantine coinage. It was on a Gold Solidus, with the emperor
wearing a long beard, and the Virgin Mary, shown half-length, with her
hands lifted up in prayer. The reverse was inscribed with the name
Maria and, in the field, on either side, was 0~~U "

("MOTHER OF GOD").

REFERENCES:

BYZANTINE COIN VALUES - Dr. Paul F. Rynearson (Malter-Westerfield '71)
COINS OF TEE WORLD — VOL. 2 - Dr. Robert A.G. Carson (Radius Book/
Hutchinson), 1971

A DICTIONARY OF ROMAN COINS - Seth W. Stevenson (Seaby, 1982 reprint
of 1889 original volume)

161

BYZANTINE COINS & THEIR VALUES - David R. Sear (Seaby, London, 1974)
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. (Vol . II - "Heads & Tails" #104) .
******************************************* ****** *************** ******

INFORMATION, Please

Information on Tonkin "NOUVEAU METAL TONKINOISE" located

Fox-Pieratt published a request for help on the Member Notice Page
(April, 1987) regarding satirical Tonkin 5 & 100 Francs, The follow-
ing information has been garnered and was published in Paul Bosco's
May, 1987 list.

3055 TONKIN. Satirical 5 Francs shellcard. ca,1890. 37mm,

issued silvered. Couple spots, else VF-EF, silvering
mostly intact, (Photo) *($75^200)

designed in imitation of the Ceres Head 5 Francs. Intended
to mock France's colonial policy, which some saw as a
boondoggle. At a time when New Caledonian nickel was being
aggressively promoted, this piece's legend is "NOUVEAU METAL
TONKINOISE" . The value reads "5F POUR RIRE" : "rire" trans-

lates "to laugh". The cataloger has heard of a 100 Francs
satirical but has only seen this one piece offered. Obvious-
ly, the piece was not made to be used in the Orient, but
in the homeland.

Fox-Pieratt also indicated another NI member had both of the denomin-
ations, but did not have any further information on them,

**********************************************************************

IDENTIFICATION,

Please?

F, M, Orlowski recently submitted the follpwing query;

"For the past few years I have had a small paper kreigsgeld piece
stamped '20 pfennig Stadt Kiew' , on three lines. This piece is 58 x
65mm and has heen cut from the lower left corner of a Russian 100
ruble of 1910, Pick #13, in the 1980, 3rd edition. This is the area
showing the serial number, the number, l1Q0', in the design, Could it
be city notgeld?"

Can anyone provide information on this piece?

**********************************************************************

"EXAGIUM S0LIDI 11

A weight used to test the legitimate weight of the solidus during the
latter Roman Empire was called "Exagius Solidi". Some of these weights
used at the time of the three Emperors, Honorius, Arcadius and Theo-
dosius II, has in their legend "DDD NNN AAAVVVGGG" for "Domini Nostri
Augusti", thus denoting the three emperors.

(Submitted by R. R. Kutcher)

162

AN INTRODUCTION JO BYZANTINE COINAGE

I. C, G.% Campbell f Lincoln, Nebraska } NI #LMt15

No. 26 r MICHAEL I RHANGABE (811-813)

Michael's brief reign was a disaster. He associated his son Theophy-r
lactus with himself almost at once and he reversed the policies of his
predecessor both for iconoclasm and economy. His one good deed was to
provide for the families of those killed at Markellen - most unusual
in those times.

He recognized the Western Empire of Charlemagne, though it probably
made no difference. The Bulgarians, under the fearful Krum, were
soon ravaging the empire and approached the capital. All Michael
could do was to resort to prayer. Plague broke out in the Bulgarian
army and it withdrew. Krum soon returned, defeating the larger Byzan-
tine army due, in part, to the treachery of Leo the Armenian whom
Michael had unwisely recalled. The emperor fled and left Leo in
charge of what was left of the army. Leo then assumed the purple
while Michael spent the next 32 years as the monk Athanasius on Platea,
today called Hayrsiz, one of the smaller of the Princes Islands. It
was also called Bulwers after a British ambassador who built a house
there in the last century. (We used to go there sometimes for the
annual school picnic.) Michael's younger son became the famous
Patriarch Ignatius, on of the few Byzantine stories without a bloody
ending!

Two mints struck coins for this brief reign, the copper folles being
tolerably common. The faces are still stylised.

Rev , Miliaresion
Constantinople

GOLD; Constantinople records just the one type of solidus, rare, with
Michael on the obverse and Theophyl actus on the reverse. Legends are:

The readings are not always clear.

Syracuse has two varieties of the solidus, the first excessively rare
and the other very rare,

a) Bust of Michael on either side, the legends known being

The Coinage

The only silver coin was the miliaresion of Con-
stantinople. As usual this had as obverse the
Cross Potens and on the reverse the legend for both
rulers in six lines.

+miXA

HLseeoFV

LAcr-eece

bASILISKO

mAioh

Obv. miXAHL bASILtf.'

Rev, ©gofvlaCo os oesp'

indi stinct.

163

b) A bust of Michael on the obverse with hdixahl i,a The
reverse has a bust of Theophylactus and a blundered legend.

Syracuse again struck the semissis (in two types) and the tremissis,
all of which are less rare.

Semissi s .

a) Bust of Michael on the obverse. Legend: mix ahl bASiL .

Bust of Michael on the reverse. Legend: ,7^ -p^pQ-^

b) Obverse as a) but with the legend: mi xahl bA .

Reverse - Beardless Theophylactus with legend: nr r* £0<$ l A*

b) Syracuse Semissis
Michae l/Theophy lactus

Syracuse Tremissis
Michael both sides

There is only one type of tremissis from Syracuse, The obverse is
the same as the semissis type a). The reverse agains shows Michael
with the legend: mi XAHL'oe.

BRONZE: Constantinople has two types of follis.

Constantinople Follis, Type a) Syracuse Follis, Type b).

a) Bust of Michael facing, with legend: miXA hl bA

Reverse: The large M with^ below and between X/X/X and N/N/N.

b) Has facing busts of Michael and his son, with the legend:
fDIXAHL S ©60F •

The reverse is the same as type a).

Syracuse also has two types of follis.

a) Facing bust of Michael on each side, wearing the loros on
the obverse and the chlamys on the reverse. The reverse
has M left of the bust and I/X/A to the right.

b) The obverse is as a) but the reverse has a bust of Theophy-
lactus and the legend: ee<t>ov.

Note: Reading of the legends is often unclear as flans may be too

imaTl .

164

CHINESE CLOTH CURRENCY

R. J. Hebert y Washington , D.C. USA.

( Author's Note: Numbers in parentheses are from R. H. Mathews'

CHINESE- AMERICAN DICTIONARY (Harvard. Univ. Press 3 Cambridge 3 Mass .1950 )
I am indebted to the staff of the Freer Gallery Library for confir-
ming these readings . )

The Szechuan-Shensi Provincial Soviet Workers and Fanners Bank notes
printed on cloth of various colors are well knov/n. Not so well known
are the two cloth notes from the National Numismatic Collection illus-
trated here.

Figure 1: Front of Note ftl Figure 2: Back of Note # 1

The legend in the upper left corner of Note #1 Obverse, at left, is
transliterated as CH'UAN (#1445), TSU (#6927), ERH (#1752), SHIN
(#5807), HAO (2064), and they could be translated as: "cash strings,"
"property, wealth," "two," "ten," and "a number."

The leaend in the middle of the same note transliterates as: FA (#1768).
P'lAO (#5192), CH'IEN (#921), I (#3016), CH'OEN (#1445) , WEN ' (#7129c) ,
CHENG (#356a) , YIN (?) (#7432) , P'lAO (#5192) - or "to issue, put.

165

or send forth," "bank note," "monev," "one," "cash strinns,"
"coins," "only," "silver," and "bank note."

The legend of the upper righthand corner of Note #1 transl i terates as-
CHIN (#1006c) , SHEN (#5712e), I (#3016), HCU (#2 147a ) , SHENG
(#5750), CHAO ( ?) (#242a) , and ?? The translations could be "nrice,
value," "to make up the deficit of scale or value in weighing silver,
"secure," "residue, surplus, remnants," "to pav a balance, to ex-
change," and ???

Figure 4: Back of Note #2

The leoend on the front of Note #2 above, reading from right to left
is: T 1 E (#6165), SSU (#5598), SHIH (#5807), and I (#3016), or

"special," "4," "10," and "1". Next are the Uiahur Turkic words:

IKI "two," "MITHQAL," or "one-tenth of a Chinese ounce, mace," while
the next phrase reads ERH (#1752), CH'IEN (#921), or "two," and "one
tenth of a Chinese ounce, mace." The next phrase, either Mongol or
Manchu, almost surely is an exact translation of the previous Chinese

166

and Uiohur Turkic. The last character, to the far left, is CHIU or
"nine" .

The phrase on the back of the note #2, possibly Manchu or Monnol , remains
unread .

************************************************************************

CONG I AR I A

Although congiaria (gifts to the
people by the emperor) were not
usually given unless the donor was
in Rome, we have medal lie proof
that this restriction was waived in
the case of Emperor Macrinus. This
emperor was never to see Rome while
he held the purple, but he did in-
gratiate himself with the people
even with the treasury depleted. The indulgence of Septimus Severus
and the prodigality of Caracalla (the two preceding emperors) debili-
tated the whole empire till the days of Diocletian. Macrinus was also
obliged to promise the old donative of 5000 denarii per man to his
Praetorians, who had at least quadrupled since Caesar's time when
the practice started, when he proclaimed his son, Diadumenianus ,
Augustus. The Praetorians were only given 1000 denarii in hand, and
promised the rest later, while the soldiers who had already pocketed
the emperor's first gift of 750 denarii, were enjoying the booty from
the conquered lands. Macrinus further promised at this time a con-
giary of 150 denarii to each of the people of Rome. Such was the
state of the Roman Empire in A.D. 218.

(Submitted by R. R. Kutcher)

★ ★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★★ 'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k'k

DEITY COINS OF AUGUSTUS STRUCK BY ROME MINT

The first Roman Emperor, Augustus,
was during his life-time treated as
a deity. He had, besides altars
and temples, his own priests, and
other marbles and monuments to at-
test to the divine honours paid to
the living Augustus. However, he
did not permit these divine honours
to be paid to him at Rome. He al-
lowed only the provinces to confer
these honours on him. However,
there is a series of coins from the
Mint of Rome with the reverse in-
scription "DIVVS (the mark of consecration) AVGVSTVS PATER (father -
usually given after death)". Augustus is shown in a toga with a radiat-
ed head and seated next to an altar on which a small flame is burning.
He holds a branch in his right hand and rests his left on the hasts
pura. The coins were supposedly struck in A.D. 22 and issued the
24th of April by the widow of Augustus, Julia Augusta.

(Submitted by R. R. Kutcher)

167

THE COINS OF SALTA, ARGENTINA

(An exerpt from "Argentina, A History and Coinage 1516-1880")

J. Aiwa Ott , Provo, Utah , NI # 2145

After formally declaring their independence from Spain on July 9, 1816,
the patriots of Argentina had many internal government conflicts and
many battles yet to fight as the young country's borders were being
shaped and reshaped into what they are today.

One of these border battles was taking place in the northern Argentine
Province of Salta. Ongoing skirmishes were trading land in the north
back and forth, as the patriots won and lost battles with the Spaniards.
In 1816 the patriots had just lost Potosi (now in Bolivia) for a second
devastating time. This defeat of the rich silver mines of Potosi was
a blow to the Argentines not only because of the financial benefits it
gave the patriots, but the morale of the soldiers was low due to the
ongoing fighting. Led by General Marin Guemes , they retreated back
to the Province of Salta.

Added to the soldiers burdens was the fact that due to the young govern-
ment's own internal conflicts in Buenos Aires, the patriots in Salta
were ignored, receiving no aid - military or financial - from the
government.

It was extremely difficult for General Guemes to pay his troops as
there was very little or no national coinage circulating in Salta.

What was circulating was counterfeit Potosi cobs, and the act of pay-
ing his soldiers in phony money was not helping their morale and
there were many desertions.

In 1817 Guemes developed a monogram that spells "PATRIA" (Country)
which was surrounded by a wreath of laurels. He counterstamped this
monogram on the fake cobs and guaranteed them as genuine.

Very shortly (in fact within that same year) the government in Buenos
Aires discovered what Guemes was doing and declared this as illegal.

The short-lived coinage fell out of circulation. This act of counter-
stamping, however, gained the time Guemes needed for his army to rid
the area of Spanish influence.

True Salta cobs of this epoch are only found today on counterfeit
Potosi cobs of two, four, and a newly discovered and unlisted eight
reales. The two reales pieces are rare, the four real pieces are
extremely rare, and there is only one known example of the eight real
piece of this series.

This unique eight reales piece was recently discovered by the renowned
author and Museum Director of the Banco Nacional of Argentina in Buenos
Aires, Arnaldo J. Cunietti -Ferrando , and is now on exhibit in that
museum's coin collection. (Illustrated on following page.) Also
pictured is a two real piece from the museum's collection.

Thanks to Mr. Arnoldo J. Cunietti -Ferrando and the Banco Nacional for
the courtesy of allowing me to photograph and publish the photographs
of these coins.

168

Counterfeit Potosi Cobs

ND (1817) 2 and 8 Reales with Salta Counterstamp

169

CONTENTS OF THE NI REFERENCE COLLECTION

(Members desiring to borrow coins from the collection for research
purposes, lecture use, non-competitive displays, or any other reasons,
may do so by paying postage and insurance both directions.)

Key to Listing: FINE or better for all Yeoman types. VERY GOOD or
better for all Criag types. Underlined = Uncirculated. C = Complete.

C^ = Complete with at least one uncirculated type. CX ( ) = Com-

plete except those listed. X = Except. Mints are not listed unless
multiple for the particular year.

GRENADA: Y5 - C.

GUADELOUPE: Y1 - C; Y2 - 1903.

GUATEMALA: Y36 - 1876; Y42 - 1880, 1881, 1884, 1886; Y45 - 1888; Y47

- 1889, 1890; Y49 - 1893; Y60 - 1880, 1890; Y61a - 1890; Y74 - CX (1893,

1894H, 1899); Y75 - 1894; Y77 - 1898; Y82 - 1895, 1896, 1898; Y85 - C;

Y86 - C; Y87 - CX (1911); Y89 - C; Y90 - C; Y91 - C; Y93 - C; Y94 - C;

Y96 - C; Y97 CX (1946, 1948, 1949); Y98 - C; Y99 - 1948, 1949; Y100 -
1925, 1944, 1948; YlOOa - CX (1932, 1933, 1947); Y102 - C; Y1 02a -
1946; Y108 - 1944; Y109 - 1944; Y110 - C; Ylll - CX (1952, 1954);

Yll 2 - C; Y 11 3 - C; Y114 - C; Y115 - 1950, 1952; Y116 - CX (1964);

Y117 - 1952, 1955; Y117a - 1957; Y118 - 1964; Y119 - 1950; Y120 - 1964;
Y121 - 1962; Y122 CX (1967, 1970); Y1 22b - 1974; Y123 - CX (1966,
1969); Y 1 23a - 1975, 1978; Y124 - CX (1968); Y125 - 1966; Yl 25a - 1969,
1970.

GUERNSEY: YA1 - 1830; YD1 - 1834; Yla - 1933, 1938; Y2a - 1929; Y3 -

1864; Y3a - 1949: Y4 - 1885; Y5 - 1934, 1938, 1949; Y6 - 1956 ; Y9 -

1966; Y10 - 1971; Yll - 1971; Y12 - 1971; Y13 - 1968; Y14 - 1970; Yl 5

- CX (1971); Yl 9 - 1977; Y20 - 1977; Y21 - 1977; Y22 - 1977.

GUINEA: Yl - C.

GUINEA-BISSAU - PORTUGUESE GUINEA: Yl - C; Y2 - C; Y3 - C; Y6 - C;

Y7 - C; Y8 - C; Y9 - C.

GUINEA-BISSAU: Y3 - 1977; Y4 - 1977.

GUYANA - BRITISH GUIANA: Y5 - 1943.

GUYANA - ESSEQUIBO & DEMERARA: C4 - C; C5 - C:

GUYANA: Yl - 1967; Y2 - 1967; Y3 - C; Y4 - 1967, 1974; Y5 - C; Y6 - C.

HAITI: C7 - 1881, 1894; C25 - 1817 lq. head; C31 - 1831, C36 - 1829;

C41~^ C; C71 - C; YA1 - C; YB1 - C; YC1 - C; Y3 - C; Y6 - 1887, 1894;

Y7 - 1881, 1894; Y10 - 1904, 1905; Yll - 1906; Y12 - 1907; Y13 - C;

Yl 7 - C; Y19 - C; Y20 - 1958; Y21 - 1958; Y22 - C; Y24 - 1975; Y25 -
1975; Y26 - 1975.

HONDURAS: Y39 - CX (1939) Y40 - C; Y41 - CX (1972): Y42 - 1956; Y43 -

CX (1951) ; Y45 - 1937; Y47 - 1967.

HONG KONG: Yl - CX (1864); Y2 - 1875; Y2b - 1879, 1901, 1901H; Y3 -

1887, 1889, 1891, 1899, 1900H, 1901; Y4 - 1887, 1891, 1897, 1899, 1900H,
1901; Y7 - 1893, 1894; Y9 - 1902, 1904H, 1905H; Y10 - 1903, 1904; Y14 -
CX (1919); Yl 5 - CX (1934); Y17 - C; Y18 - 1933; Y21 - C; Y22 - 1939H,
1939KN; Y23 - 1938, 1939H; Y24 - C: Y25 - C; Y26 - C; Y27 - C to 1967
X (1964H); Y27a - 1971KN; Y28 - CX (1955, 1956, 1957H, 1957KN); Y28a -
1974, 1975; Y29 - CX (1960, 1965KN, 1968H, 1970H); Y29a - 1 9 7 1 KM ,

1972 ; Y30 - C; Y30a - 1 971 H , 1972 , 1973; Y33 - C to 1978 X (1976).

170

BOOK REVIEWS

Neumann, Josef. BESCHREIBUNG DER BEKANNTESTEN KUPFERHUNZEN .

and

Neumann, Josef. THE COPPER COINS OF THE LON COUNTRIES , FRANCE , SPAIN

AND PORTUGAL

A happy generation of American collectors of world copper coins was
brought up on 0. P. Eklund's country-by-country catalogues. These came
out serially in the Numismatist over a 20-year period. Most of them
were later reprinted as pamphlets. They're still convenient, uncompli-
cated references. Ole Eklund's principal source was Neumann's six-vol-
ume 1858-1872 masterwork, dealing with copper (and some billon) coins.
The work was rare in Eklund's day. It is equally so today, even in a
reprint version now out of print.

In the April 1987 N I Bulletin appeared the welcome announcement of
Michael Robinson's corrected, supplemented and slightly rearranged re-
print of Neumann's 350-odd Italian pages in one volume and the 300-odd
pages covering France, the Low Countries and Iberia in another. The two
volumes together are priced at £35 plus postage - a modest figure in
view of the very limited edition.

However useful Eklund is, his primary source is far more so. For exam-
ple, Eklund devoted less than a third as many pages as Neumann to
Italian coppers, and a third of Eklund's space is taken up with illus-
trations. He lists some 1200 coins - Neumann over 5000. Neumann's
descriptions are fuller and clearer. His coverage is broader: it in-
cludes tokens, tesserae and some monetary weights as well as coins.
Neumann's scope is more detailed than the Krause-Mishler "Phone Book"
for the material they both cover. In addition Neumann extends all the
way back to the beginning of each national coinage.

These two volumes are all of Neumann that Dr. Robinson plans to reprint.
His choice is shrewdly made. The Italian section is one of Neumann's
strongest, and it handles a noble and perennially popular series. The
other volume draws between two covers material which one would other-
wise have to search through half a dozen incompatible references to as-
semble .

As a long-time copper-coinage enthusiast, I should like to register
gratitude and admiration. When you hold Michael Robinson's product in
your hand, the job looks deceptively easy. Few realize, for example,
what painstaking work went into checking and correcting hundreds of
textual and chronological Inaccuracies. In addition to the scholarly
improvement, the production involved a daunting amount of pure drudgery,
such as collating some tens of thousands of sheets, all done by the
publisher himself in an effort to keep the unit price down.

The two reprints stand on their own as an important numismatic event.
Specialists will welcome them, and indeed their availability will re-
cruit new specialists. In addition, they exemplify the selfless commit-
ments that public-spirited colleagues so often generously take on.

171

Reviewed by Randolph Zander

CUBA - A COUNTRY AND ITS CURRENCY. National Bank of Cuba, Habana (1986).
227 pp, illustrated in text. 23 x 34 cm. Hardbound. Available from
Ingrid K. Smith, Box 865, Adelaide St., P.O., TORONTO, Ontario M5C 2K1,
CANADA for $33. postpaid.

The National Bank of Cuba has produced an attractive coffee-table book
presenting an overview for the layman of almost 500 years of the is-
land's tempestuous history. The book brings forward coins, medals, bank-
notes and tokens to point up economic, political and social development.

The first two thirds of the book trace events from Colombus' sighting of
Cuba up to 1952. The remainder is devoted to a subjective exposition of
Castro's rise to power and of Cuba under his regime. Understandably, the
presentation fulfils a propaganda role; the question is whether the
reader, screening out the obvious ''message,” finds the residue suffi-
ciently informative and interesting. On balance I think it likely is.
The general reader is better served than the person who is looking for
detailed numismatic information. The narrative flows agreeably, the il-
lustrations - especially of mid-19th century life - catches the eye, and
so do the fine numismatic illustrations, mostly of banknotes and mostly
in color. One not very well known curiosity is a group of six provision-
al playing-card improvisations as money, along the lines of the better
known Canadian example. These come from Santiago de Cuba and date from
the 1780s.

If the numismatic reader is looking chiefly for "context,” the book pro-
vides it in easily digestible doses. The Bank has worked up three ver-
sions, in Spanish, English and French. The book is well printed by the
Paris firm of Editions Sand.

Reviewed by Randolph Zander

Edward C. Rochette. MAKING MONEY: Rogues & Rascals Mho Made Their
Own. 1986. 150 pp., 75 photos. 23 x 15 cm. Paperback. $9.95 from the
publisher. Renaissance House, P. 0. Box 177, Frederick, CO 80530.

Readers of Ed Rochette 's vignettes in COINage and Numismatic News will
recognize some of the 100 of them now gathered in this handy paperback.
This group focuses on counterfeiters, forgers, fantasists and con-men,
many of them with schemes so outlandish and execution so bungled that
one is driven to sympathy.

Ed Rochette 's crisp style and well chosen pictures make this a lively
anthology. Much of the contents qualifies as light reading, but there
are as well useful background sketches on such subjects as Carl Becker,
the 18th century master die-sinker; William Walker's Nicaraguan script;
Martin Coles Harmon and his Lundy puffins; and the Hutt River currency.

This book is a companion to last year's Rochette anthology The Other
Side of the Coin put out by the same publisher.

Reviewed by Randolph Zander

172

LES MONNAIES DE LA PRINCIPAUTE DE LIEGE. A. Mignolet. 125pp., 55
plates. Paperback. Maastricht, 1986. US$31. postpaid from: A. G. van
der Dussen, Hondstraat 5, 6211 HU Maastricht , Netherlands.

- and -

CATALOGUE. .DES MONNAIES ET MEDAILLES (COLLECTION PIAT) . Dupriez, Brus-
sels, 1910. 25pp. + 5 plates, 530 lots. Reprint by A. Mignolet.
Paperback. Available at US$14. also from A.G. van der Dussen at the
above address.

Just a hundred years ago Baron Jules Chestret de Haneffe brought out
his great standard work on the complex coinage of the Principality of
Li&ge and its dependencies extending over eight centuries. Chestret
added a 1900 supplement, and other authors refined his coverage here or
there, but the basic work has stood the test of time. Guy Genard's
1972 reprint of the work is now out of print, and the original of
course is very rare.

Andr& Mignolet now presents an ingenious new version. It reproduces 55
plates of line cuts, in general more sharply than the 1972 reprint. In
place of the original's 466 pages of history, biographical data, laws
and ordinances as well as actual descriptions of the coins, Mignolet
furnishes 125 pages of purely descriptive catalogue text, keyed to the
plates. Every item is illustrated. Many of Chestret's references are
superseded by newer ones, the occasional is put right, and the dis-
coveries of the past 85 years are woven into the catalogue. An im-
portant feature is Mignolet's indications of relative rarity for vir-
tually every item. At a realistic price this new work brings within
the range of the interested collector the main substance of Chestret's
actual catalogue.

In 1910, scarcely a year after Chestret's death, Charles Dupriez held
in Brussels an auction which included the celebrated Li&ge series of A.
Piat. The Lifcgeois element ran to over 500 lots with five plates. It
featured numerous unique pieces and great rarities. The great majority
of Chestret's 700-odd numbers were represented. This catalogue has
been almost as rare as Chestret's work, to which it is a valuable ac-
companiment. Mignolet has accordingly reproduced the Lidgeois pages,
together with an exceptionally sharp rendition of the plates. There is
as well a list of prices realized.

The price of US$14. for 25 pages plus 5 plates may seem stiff. But
reproducing plates in this quality doesn't come cheap; and the small
edition imposes a high unit price.

These two items are available to NI members from the Library.

Reviewed by Randolph Zander

173

Jerry F. Schimmel. GERMAN TOKENS, Part I. San Francisco 1987. 85 pp.

incl . , 10 plates. Paperback, 21.5 x 14 cm. $8.00 postpaid from the
author at P. 0. Box 40888, San Francisco, CA 94140.

The present catalogue is the first of two installments. This one deals
with purely German tokens. Part II will handle the tokens of German-
speaking regions - Austria, Luxembourg, Switzerland &c. The 700-odd
items listed are intended to include essentially all commercial tokens
except Notgeld. It is helpful that almost a third of them are illus-
trated. The catalogue's main body is arranged alphabetically by city;
in addition there are sections devoted to stock tokens, to mavericks,
and to numerals and designs. The 10 plates of illustrations however
are arranged according to a different set of categories, and the basic
listing does not indicate which items are listed. The result is that
the reader is left to some extent to grope his way.

Important aids are a bibliography, a two-way 13-pp. index, some shrewd
observations on pricing and rarity, hints on dating German tokens, and
a short list of dealers sympathetic to the subject.

Two things have to be kept in mind: (1) the pamphlet's subject includes
many ambiguous, ephemeral and unclear items, and (2) the pamphlet it-
self is designed to serve as a practical working guide rather than a
definitive coverage. Given the aim and the circumstances, it succeeds
very satisfactorily. This is not surprising since the author is a
specialist in tokens and already has various books and articles to his
credit. The present one should add to his renown.

Reviewed by Randolph Zander

200 JAHRE SCHWEINFURTER VOGELS CHUSS. R. Jordan, Editor. Schweinfurt
1987. 86pp , ill us . (not for sale, but there is a copy in the NI Lib-
rary) .

This pamphlet traces the 200-year history of the VOGELSCHUSS - a form
of marksmanship competition involving a target surmounted by an her-
aldic eagle - in the old Bavarian town of Schweinfurt. It is richly
illustrated and provides an appealing account (in German) of a popular
and still very active tradition.

Of numismatic interest are the numerous pictures of shooting medals,
plagues, etc. which are catalogued as well. Also shown and described
are several S chut zenket ten - interwoven complexes of dizens of indi-
vidual medals, badges, prices, etc. - belonging to outstanding marks-
men and to Vogetschuss officials past and present.

Reviewed by Randolph Zander

Yoshinori Ogawa , Hitoshi Kozono, and Col. Joseph E, Boling, PAPER
MONEY OF THE 20th CENTURY , PAPER MONEY OF JAPAN , VOLUME 4B% 163pp,

i 1 1 us . The looseleaf format is printed to fit into the three ring
binder supplied with Section A of Volume 4, The book without the

174

binder is available for $17.50 postpaid, or Volume 4 A and B with
binder may be ordered for $36.50 from Alfred Hortmann at P, 0, Box
11874, Clayton, Missouri 63105 (postpaid).

At long last the awaited I.B.N.S. series PAPER MOREY OF THE 20th
CENTURY , VOLUME 4B. PAPER MONEY OF JAPAN has been published to con-
tinue section A published in 1981, The authors have done a masterful
job of listing the military notes of the Japanese Empire.

A big disappointment was not finding the Japanese puppet banks in
China and the other overseas bank issues. However, as the intro-
duction states, those listings were considered more appropriate for a
future catalog of China and Korea.

The military notes from 1894 of the Si no-Japanese War all the way thru
the Greater East Asia War period ending in 1945 are treated in depth
with many new unpublished facts as to note production, circulation
and disposition as well as watermarks and areas used.

JIMs, or Japanese Invasion Money notes, are fully covered including
their after use such as the Mazakar note overprints of the Netherlands
East Indies series and the overprints of the Japanese War Motes
Claimants Association in the Philippines.

A wholly new area is covered by the Prisoner of War and Internment
Camp Notes chapter. These very scarce and little known numismatic
mementos are published for the very first time as far as this re-
viewer knows. Very helpful is a listing of the POW camps operated
by the Japanese during World War II and a map showing their locations.
In addition there are four appendix pages amplifying the areas and
camp listings.

A surprise in the ANC (Allied Military Currency) chapter are the pro-
visional currency chits issued for Kume Island. Even after more than
forty years following WW II new items keep appearing. The Foreign
Trade Payment Certificates are well illustrated and documented.

British Commonwealth Occupation Force chits are introduced as are
the U. S. Force Club chits. These are a little known or collected
field of the paper money hobby. The Allied propaganda notes are
also listed.

The last chapter covers the issues of the Yokohama Spcie Bank and
its nine note issuing branches. Illustrated closeups of some of
the key characters and vignettes are shown and are most helpful.

Reviewed by Angus E. Bruce

************+*********** ****************** k **************************

BALISTA

Balista was one of the short-lived usurpers during the reign of Gal-
lienus. He was proclaimed Emperor in Syria in 262 A.D. but he was
slain there in 264. All of the coins bearing his name have proved
to be false.

(Submitted by R. R. Kutcher)

175

MEMBER NOTICE PAGE

Paul Waichulai ti s , P. 0, Box 213, Waupaca, WI 54981: WANTED - German

States' minors for research. Looking for overdates and other common
errors on the most common pieces. Willing to buy at up to 40 to 50%
of catalog, or will trade other world coins if I have them available.
Please write if you think you have anything of interest,

B. F. Brekke, Box 304 , Chapal a , Jal . MEXICO: Specialized collector of

Russian copper coins 1700-1917 is interested in receiving list or
auction catalogues containing larger groups or especially rare specimens

ATTRIBUTION SERVICE: The NI Attribution Committee will accept from NI

members only, any numismatic items, whether paper, metal, or whatever,
for attribution. We must limit the items to a TOTAL OF SIX (6) MAXI-
MUM. The cost is just advance payment of return postage, including
sufficient for insurance or registration, if desired. Send to NI
Attribution Committee, P. 0. Box 2057, Saugatuck Station, Westport,

Conn. 06880, USA.

***********************************************************************
DENARIUS SYMBOLIZES FILIAL PIETY

Two brothers from Sicily, Amphinomus and Anapis,
are reported by the ancients to have saved their
parents, at the peril of their own lives, from the
flames of the volcanic eruption of Etna. This was
a favorite subject with the ancients, in symbol-
izing filial piety, and is often represented on
Greek and Roman coins. A denarius of Trajan ex-
hibits on its reverse Neptune in the center of the group, and two
naked young men carrying on their shoulders aged figures, one either
side. This is the Roman example of the Greek brothers rescuing their
father and their mother from the burning mountain.

(Submitted by R. R. Kutcher)

**********************************************************************

D_' 'Q]JAD RJ G ATJ COINAGE

Bigati are a class of Roman silver
coins, so called from the reverse
type with a chariot drawn by two
horses. It was a long time before
portraits of living persons were
placed on Roman coins. For cen-
turies the denarii of the Republic
had on its obverse the head of Roma
or of Pallas. The reverse showed a figure of Victory standing in a
cart drawn by two or by four horses. Thus they were called "Biqati"
and "Quadrigati " .

(Submitted by R. R. Kutcher)

176